Obstetric Complications in Women from Sub-Saharan Africa-A Cross-Sectional Study.

AIM: The aim of this study was to identify and compare birthing complications in women originating from countries where they are at risk (may become victims) of FGM with those of Spanish women, all having given birth from 2012 to 2015 at the "Virgen de la Arrixaca" University Clinical Hospital in Murcia, Spain. METHODS: A transversal, observational, quantitative study was carried out, retrospectively, comparing 245 sub-Saharan women originating from countries where FGM is practiced with 490 Spanish women, in terms of obstetric complications. Data collection was performed via electronic clinical records. RESULTS: The sub-Saharan women presented higher rates of intrapartum and emergency caesareans, intense postpartum haemorrhages, concurrent episiotomies and tears (2nd and 3rd degree), failed inductions, and non-progressive labours, and a more severe risk of foetal distress when compared with Spanish women. CONCLUSIONS: The fact that the sub-Saharan women originating from countries where FGM is practiced presented a greater number of birthing complications than the Spanish women proves the need for Spanish healthcare professionals to receive training towards cultural competency acquisition, in order to provide a multidisciplinary approach, with standardized action protocols focused fundamentally on prevention.

Factors contributing to the perpetuation and eradication of female genital mutilation/cutting in sub-Saharan women living in Spain.

OBJECTIVE: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) is one of the most widespread traditional practices harmful to the health of women and girls in the world. Its spread to the West highlights the need to establish preventive actions in European countries taking into account the affected population. That is why this study is aimed at finding out the elements that support the continuation of FGM/C and those that promote the change of attitudes and fight against FGM / C from the perspective of the sub-Saharan women themselves who reside in Spain. DESIGN: Qualitative exploratory research that uses the method of life stories through an open interview. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: The participants were 24 women living in the Region of Murcia (Spain) who come from sub-Saharan countries where FGM/C is commonly practised. FINDINGS: Arguments supporting FGM/C, the lack of knowledge and family pressure are identified as factors that perpetuate the practice, whereas the motivating factors for the change in attitudes that make most of the interviewees oppose FGM/C are the awareness of the consequences on health and close negative experiences, growing awareness of their rights, supportive legislation and breaking the taboo related to this practice to question justifications for FGM / C and share experiences. KEY CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Being aware of the arguments of both sides, women who defend FGM/C and those who oppose it, is a valuable source of information that obstetrics, midwifery and nursing professionals can use. The study provides the core elements that any healthcare education program should incorporate to prevent female genital mutilation/circumcision.

Relaciones sexistas en la generación X y Millennials / Sexist relationships in Generation X and Millennials

Objetivo: Identificar características de violencia sexista en las distintas generaciones tecnológicas (Millennials y Generación X). Diseño: Estudio transversal descriptivo. Emplazamiento: Región de Murcia, España. Participantes: Un total de 1.269 usuarios de redes sociales pertenecientes a la generación Millennials (19-38 años) y Generación X (39-54 años) que tienen una relación de pareja. Mediciones principales: Se utilizó el “Cuestionario sobre las nuevas tecnologías para transmitir la violencia de género” que analiza el uso de las redes, la violencia sufrida y la violencia ejercida en la pareja. Las variables de estudio han sido el grupo generacional, edad, sexo, consumo de alcohol y drogas, nivel de educación formal, país de origen y de residencia, y orientación sexual. Resultados: Los Millennials muestran una asociación estadísticamente significativa con los items sobre patrones de riesgo en redes relacionados con el Phising, Sexting, Flaming, falsos ofrecimientos, Cyberstalking y secuestros webcam (p<0,05), mientras que respecto a la violencia sufrida solo se ha observado asociación en ítems relacionados con Flaming (OR: 0,405) (IC 95%: 0,226-0,726) y coacción sexual (OR: 0,420) (IC 95%: 0,200-0,882). Las drogas aumentan las actividades de riesgo, así como la violencia sufrida y ejercida (p<0,05). Las mujeres de la muestra refieren sufrir más presiones en actividades sexuales (OR: 2,587) (IC 95%: 1,702-3,931) y miedos por parte de sus parejas (OR: 2,598) (IC 95%: 1,749-3,857). Conclusión: El estudio muestra mayores patrones de riesgo, así como violencia sufrida y ejercida en el grupo Millennial respecto a la Generación X.(AU)

Objective: To identify sexist violence features on different technological generations (Millennials and Generation X). Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Site: Region of Murcia, Spain. Participants: A total of 1269 users of social networks belonging to the Millennials generation (19–38 years) and Generation X (39–54 years) who are in a romantic relationship. Main measurements: The instrument “Questionnaire about new technologies to transmit gender violence”, analyzes the use of social networks, suffered and exercised violence on couples. The study variables have been the generational group, age, sex, alcohol and drug consumption, the level of formal education, origin and residence country and sexual orientation. Results: Millennials show a statistically significant association with the items on risk patterns in networks related to phising, sexting, flaming, false offers, cyberstalking, and webcam hijacking (p<0.05), while regarding violence suffered only has been observed association in items related to flaming (OR: 0.405) (95% CI: 0.226–0.726) and sexual coercion (OR: 0.420) (95% CI: 0.200–0.882). Drugs increase risky activities, as well as violence suffered and practiced (p<0.05). The women sample reports more pressure in sexual activities (OR: 2587) (95% CI: 1702–3931) and fears from their partners (OR: 2598) (95% CI: 1749–3857). Conclusions: The study shows higher risk patterns, as well as violence suffered and practiced in the Millennial group compared to Generation X. Also, it shows an increase generated by alcohol and drugs in the violence suffered and practiced by the study subjects. On the other hand, there are differences between the behaviors and violence suffered and practiced according to the different sexes, where the violence suffered by women is related to fear and activities of a sexual nature.(AU)

Factores relacionados con la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral en mujeres con VIH: Un estudio mixto con diseño secuencial / Factors affecting adherence to antiretroviral treatment in women with HIV: A sequential mixed model research design

INTRODUCCIÓN: El VIH/Sida afecta cada vez a más mujeres. La adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral es decisiva en la calidad de vida de las personas infectadas. OBJETIVOS: El objetivo del estudio es determinar el grado de adherencia manifestada en un grupo de mujeres con VIH/Sida, con TAR e identificar los factores y circunstancias que influyen en su adherencia. METODOLOGÍA: Se ha realizado un estudio con diseño mixto secuencial explicativo. Los sujetos de estudio son 86 mujeres diagnosticadas con VIH/Sida en tratamiento con TARGA. RESULTADOS: Se recogieron datos cualitativos de 18 de ellas. El 59,3% de las participantes son no adherentes. Los factores determinantes de la no adherencia son el grado académico, edad, ingresos, así como factores personales, interpersonales como el apoyo sociofamiliar, estigma percibido y autoestigma y factores relativos a la enfermedad y tratamiento. CONCLUSIÓN: Los cuidados de enfermería deben abordar con enfoque de género aquellos factores psicosociales e individuales del proceso de adherencia

BACKGROUND: HIV/AIDS is affecting more and more women. Adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART) is decisive for those infected to achieve quality of life. PURPOSE: The aim of the present study is to determine the degree of adherence displayed by a group of women with HIV/AIDS and to identify those factors and circumstances which might influence their adherence to ART. METHOD: A sequential mixed model research design was applied. The subjects studied consisted of 86 women diagnosed with HIV/AIDS and treated with ART. Findings and discussion: Qualitative data were collected from 18 of these women. 59.3% of participants were non-adherents. The determining factors for non-adherence were level of education, age, income, as well as personal and/or interpersonal factors such as socio-familial support, perceived stigma, self-stigma and factors related to disease and treatment. Nursing care should take a gender-focused approach towards those psychological and personal factors inherent in the adherence process

[Sexist relationships in Generation X and Millennials]. / Relaciones sexistas en la generación X y Millennials.

OBJECTIVE: To identify sexist violence features on different technological generations (Millennials and Generation X). DESIGN: Descriptive cross-sectional study. SITE: Region of Murcia, Spain. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1269 users of social networks belonging to the Millennials generation (19-38 years) and Generation X (39-54 years) who are in a romantic relationship. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The instrument "Questionnaire about new technologies to transmit gender violence", analyzes the use of social networks, suffered and exercised violence on couples. The study variables have been the generational group, age, sex, alcohol and drug consumption, the level of formal education, origin and residence country and sexual orientation. RESULTS: Millennials show a statistically significant association with the items on risk patterns in networks related to phising, sexting, flaming, false offers, cyberstalking, and webcam hijacking (p<0.05), while regarding violence suffered only has been observed association in items related to flaming (OR: 0.405) (95% CI: 0.226-0.726) and sexual coercion (OR: 0.420) (95% CI: 0.200-0.882). Drugs increase risky activities, as well as violence suffered and practiced (p<0.05). The women sample reports more pressure in sexual activities (OR: 2587) (95% CI: 1702-3931) and fears from their partners (OR: 2598) (95% CI: 1749-3857). CONCLUSIONS: The study shows higher risk patterns, as well as violence suffered and practiced in the Millennial group compared to Generation X. Also, it shows an increase generated by alcohol and drugs in the violence suffered and practiced by the study subjects. On the other hand, there are differences between the behaviors and violence suffered and practiced according to the different sexes, where the violence suffered by women is related to fear and activities of a sexual nature.

Postmigratory Perceptions of Female Genital Mutilation: Qualitative Life History Research.

INTRODUCTION: Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a practice, in breach of human rights, which currently extends to European countries. Given that migration to a Western country can involve cultural change, the aim of the present study is to explore the experiences and perceptions of sub-Saharan women regarding FGM/C following migration to Spain. METHOD: A qualitative exploratory research design utilizing life history methodology was applied. Participants (n = 24) were recruited until data saturation was reached. RESULTS: Sub-Saharan women describe their experience of FGM/C. Once in Spain, they begin to demystify the justifications for which FGM/C is practiced and to break the taboo that surrounds the practice. DISCUSSION: Migration leads individuals to reflect on the traditional practices from their countries of origin. The nursing profession must accompany migrant women throughout their process of change and provide objective information from a position of cultural understanding, avoiding attitudes that might create a sense of revictimization while their resultant health consequences are being attended to.

Beauty stereotypes as a form of violence in Spanish context: A mixed-method model.

The authors' purpose was to analyse the influence of beauty stereotypes on the everyday life of men and women and the behaviours adopted in order to satisfy such ideals using mixed methods of an exploratory nature. Taking into account that 76.7% of participants agree that the current established beauty stereotypes affect their everyday lives, we aim to explain the influence of beauty stereotypes and the behaviours adopted in order to comply with them. Assessing the degree of assimilation of gender-related socio-cultural beauty stereotypes allows us to examine how this can trigger behavioural responses in order to shape one's identity.

Estudio de las diferencias culturales en las relaciones violentas de pareja de España y Perú / Study of cultural differences in violent intimate partner relationships in Spain and Peru

OBJETIVO: Determinar la violencia de género sufrida y ejercida en función de la cultura, edad y nivel educativo. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio transversal descriptivo con una muestra de 130 sujetos seleccionados aleatoriamente mediante el muestreo no probabilístico por cuotas en los países de España y Perú, siendo 53 hombres y 77 mujeres, sobre los que se aplicó un test de valoración de relaciones violentas de pareja, llamado el "semáforo de la violencia". RESULTADOS: Se encontraron asociaciones significativas según países en los ítems relacionados con el control de la vestimenta y de las salidas, el castigo mediante indiferencia, los celos, la sobreprotección y el control a través del móvil. Por otra parte, la educación formal genera una disminución de la violencia de género sufrida en mujeres. Respecto a la edad, los varones entre 25 y 30 años muestran un aumento significativo en la violencia verbal y la coacción sexual que ejercen. CONCLUSIÓN: Las normas culturales y tradicionales pueden afectar a las relaciones violentas de pareja. Por lo que han de ser tenidas en cuenta al educar en igualdad para elaborar nuevos constructos sociales, haciendo énfasis en las mujeres con baja educación formal por ser más vulnerables de sufrir violencia de género y en los hombres del grupo etario que más la ejerce

OBJECTIVE: To examine intimate partner violence in relation to culture, age and educational level of those involved. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive cross-sectional study involving a sample of 130 subjects, randomly selected through non-probabilistic sampling by quotas, in Spain and Peru (53 men and 77 women). An evaluation of violent intimate partner relationships was undertaken using a tool known as the "Traffic Light of Gender Violence". RESULTS: Significant association was found between countries and the items related to the control of dress and outings, punishment by indifference, jealousy, overprotection and control by means of the mobile phone. On the other hand, formal education generates a decrease in gender violence suffered in women. With regard to age, males between 25 and 30 years of age show a significant increase in verbal violence and sexual coercion. CONCLUSION: Cultural and traditional rules can affect intimate partner violence. Therefore, they should be considered when educating for equality in order to elaborate new social constructs, focusing particularly on women with low levels of formal education (because they are more vulnerable to gender violence) and on men of the age group that tends to use it more

Design and validation of the social assimilation of beauty and body image stereotypes questionnaire in Spain.

It may be considered esthetic violence when social demands regarding beauty affect and manipulate the development of individual identity and body image to respond to supposed prevailing ideals in society. We design and validate an instrument for measuring the degree of social assimilation of such stereotypes regarding beauty and body image linked to gender. The questionnaire was developed from a sample of 918 Spanish adults who participated online to develop it. The questionnaire was composed of 23 items. The assessment of preconceived images of bodily perfection provides examples of how esthetic violence affects the health of both men and women.

Living with mutilation: A qualitative study on the consequences of female genital mutilation in women's health and the healthcare system in Spain.

INTRODUCTION: Female genital mutilation is a health and human rights issue which extends to western countries. It is estimated that there are some seventeen thousand women and girls living in Spain who have either been mutilated or are at risk of being so. Healthcare professionals face the challenge of providing adequate care in response to this emerging problem. AIM: To discover the repercussions of female genital mutilation on the health of sub-Saharan women residing in Spain, as well as the healthcare received. METHODS: A life-history qualitative research design was utilized. The study population included 14 genitally mutilated women residing in the Region of Murcia who had given birth in Spain and been attended to by the national public healthcare system. RESULTS: Women suffer physical, psychological, obstetric and sexual health issues as a result of female genital mutilation and despite having a favourable perception of the healthcare received during the pregnancy and the delivery, the provision of health education, detection and treatment of female genital mutilation by healthcare professionals was seen to be lacking. CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Healthcare policy must address insufficiencies in delivering adequate care to immigrant women who have been the victim of female genital mutilation by implementing the necessary resources and training for professionals to effectively meet the specific healthcare needs of this population and prevent this cruel practice from being perpetuated.

Aproximación fenomenológica a la salud sexual y reproductiva en mujeres jóvenes de etnia gitana / Phenomenological approach to sexual and reproductive health in young gypsy women

Objetivo principal: conocer la experiencia relativa en salud sexual y reproductiva en un grupo de mujeres jóvenes de etnia gitana. Metodología: estudio cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico. Se utilizaron ocho entrevistas semiestructuradas individuales para la recolección de datos y análisis del contenido. Resultados principales: se obtuvieron tres categorías temáticas: "roles de género en el ámbito reproductivo", "hábitos y costumbres en la vida sexual" y "etapa reproductiva en embarazo, parto y puerperio". Conclusión principal: tanto los factores culturales propios de la etnia gitana como la división de roles de género influyen en el desarrollo de la etapa sexual y reproductiva de las mujeres jóvenes de etnia gitana. El conocimiento de la etapa reproductiva permite el acercamiento de los profesionales sanitarios hacia la realidad percibida de estas mujeres, para ayudarles a mantener sus hábitos, favoreciendo a la vez, una buena salud reproductiva

Objective: knowing the experience on sexual and reproductive health in a group of young Roma women. Methods: a qualitative study with phenomenological approach, using eight individual semi-structured interviews in order to collect data and carry out the analysis of the same. Results: were obtained as follows: : "Gender roles in the reproductive field", "habits and customs in the sexual life" and "reproductive stage in pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium". Conclusions: both the cultural factors of the Roma ethnic group as the division of roles gender influence development of sexual and reproductive stage of the gypsy ethnic group of young women. Knowledge of the reproductive stage of the women allows health professionals to get nearer the truth that is perceived about them in order to help them while their customs are maintained and at the same time encouraging good reproductive health

Riesgo de mutilación genital femenina. Propuesta de diagnóstico de enfermería / Risk for female genital mutilation. Proposal for nursing diagnosis

Objetivo principal: Desarrollar un diagnóstico enfermero para la detección y prevención de la Mutilación Genital Femenina (MGF). Metodología: La creación del presente diagnóstico se basa en un exhaustivo estudio bibliográfico en bases de datos como LILACS, CUIDEN, TESEO y Web of Sciencie; y otras fuentes documentales de organismos internacionales. Propuesta diagnóstica: "Riesgo de Mutilación Genital Femenina" se define como: Susceptible a la ablación parcial o total de los genitales externos femeninos y otras lesiones de los genitales, ya sea por razones culturales, religiosas o por cualquier otra causa no terapéutica que pueda comprometer la salud. Se establecen para él los siguientes factores de riesgo: Falta de conocimiento familiar sobre el impacto de la práctica en la salud física; Falta de conocimientos familiares sobre el impacto de la práctica en la salud reproductiva; y Falta de conocimientos familiares sobre el impacto de la práctica en la salud psicosocial. Además se incluye la siguiente población en riesgo sobre la que se debe realizar el seguimiento: ser niña o mujer; residir en el país donde se acepta la práctica; pertenecer a un grupo étnico en el que se realiza la práctica; pertenecer a una familia en la que alguna mujer haya sido sometida a MGF; actitud favorable de la familia hacia la práctica; y planificación para visitar el país de origen de la familia. Conclusión: La creación de un diagnóstico de riesgo para la prevención de la MGF, sitúa a Enfermería como una pieza clave su erradicación

Objective: To develop a nursing diagnosis for the detection and prevention of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). Methods: The creation of this diagnosis is based on exhaustive bibliographic research of databases such as LILACS, CUIDEN, TESEO y Web of Sciencie; as well as other documentary sources from international entities. Diagnostic proposal: "Risk for Female Genital Mutilation" is defined as: Susceptible to full partial ablation of the female external genitalia and other lesions or the genitalia, whether for cultural, religious or any other non-therapetic reasons, which may compromise health. The following risk factors are established for this diagnosis: Lack of family knowledge about impact of practice on physical health; Lack of family knowledge about impact of practice on reproducitive health; Lack of family knowledge about impact of practice on psychosocial health. It also includes the following at-risk population that should be monitored: To be female (woman or girl); Residing in country where practice is accepted; Family leaders belong to ethnic group in which practive is accepted; Belonging to family in which any female member has been subjected to practice favorable attitude of family towards practice; and Planning to visit family's country origin. Conclusions: The creation of an "at-risk" nursing diagnosis for the prevention of FGM would situate nursing at the forefront of efforts to eradicate this practice

La investigación cualitativa ante las Prácticas Tradicionales Perjudiciales / Qualitative research into Harmful Traditional Practices

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Dismantling the man-made myths upholding female genital mutilation.

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is internationally considered an affront to human rights and an act of violence against women and young girls. Furthermore, it hierarchizes and perpetuates inequality and denies women and girls the right to physical and psychosexual integrity. The aim of this study is to detect the weak points and false premises underlying male justification of FGM and to present demythologization as a health education tool. We used a qualitative methodology with an ethonursing focus via semistructured individual and group interviews in 25 men associated with FGM. Our results found that nine myths and their mythologization are presented through the masculine voices of those associated with this tradition. These myths are used as justification by men and women in order to uphold the practice of FGM. Demythologization as a nursing intervention based on reorienting or restructuring models of cultural care allows us to work against the false premises making up the myths which act to protect this tradition.

Propuesta de diagnóstico de Síndrome Post Mutilación Genital Femenina / Proposal for nursing diagnosis: Post Female Genital Mutilation Syndrome

Objetivo: Desarrollar un diagnóstico enfermero para la detección y prevención de la MGF. Metodología: La creación del presente diagnóstico se basa en un exhaustivo estudio bibliográfico en bases de datos como LILACS, CUIDEN, TESEO y Web of Sciencie; y otras fuentes documentales de organismos internacionales. Resultados principales: Síndrome post Mutilación Genital Femenina se define como: el deterioro de una serie de dominios de la salud como consecuencia de una mutilación genital femenina. Este diagnóstico se sitúa en el dominio 11, seguridad/protección y se posiciona en la clase 3: violencia. Se establecen para él las siguientes características definitorias: fase aguda, respuestas físicas crónicas, respuestas relacionadas con la sexualidad, alteraciones obstétricas crónicas y respuestas psicológicas. Conclusión principal: La creación del presente diagnóstico de síndrome facilita a los y la profesionales de enfermería el abordaje de las consecuencias sobre la salud de la Mutilación Genital Femenina y sitúa a Enfermería como una pieza clave para su abordaje y erradicación (AU)

Objective: To develop a nursing diagnosis for the detection and prevention of FGM. Methods: The creation of this diagnosis is based on exhaustive bibliographic research of databases such as LILACS, CUIDEN, TESEO y Web of Sciencie; as well as other documentary sources from international entities. Results: Post Female Genital Mutilation Syndrome is defined as: Deterioration of a range of health domains as a result of female genital mutilation.This diagnosis belongs to domain 11: safety/protection and class 3: violence. The following defining characteristics are established for this diagnosis: Acute phase, chronic responses physical, sexuality, chronic obstetric alterations and psychological responses. Conclusions: Via the diagnosis presented herein, early detection might be procured by nursing professionals of those women and young girls having undergone this traditional practice, thereby being able to treat any possible resultant sequelae (AU)

Female genital mutilation and transcultural nursing: adaptation of the Rising Sun Model.

BACKGROUND: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a widespread practice mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa and is considered an affront on the dignity and health of women and young girls. OBJECTIVES: To establish a theoretical model, inspired by that of Madeleine Leininger, in order to examine the reasonings used to justify FGM. METHODS: Theorization through bibliographic review. Resuts and conclusions: The factors used to justify this act are diverse and convert the tradition into a form of cultural care. From this viewpoint, nurses might evaluate the supposed justifications via the Rising Sun Model in order to redirect such a practice through nursing interventions such as: research into propagating factors, sensitizing through hindering factors or health education, highlighting the contradictions existent in the justification of FGM.

Percepciones de los hombres sobre las complicaciones asociadas a la mutilación genital femenina / Male perceptions of sequelae associated with female genital mutilation

Objetivo: Explorar el conocimiento de los hombres procedentes de países donde se realiza la mutilación genital femenina sobre las consecuencias negativas en la salud de las mujeres afectadas. Métodos: Metodología cualitativa con enfoque etnometodológico, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas individuales y grupales a 25 hombres, en relación con la mutilación genital femenina, seleccionados mediante triple muestreo. Se entregó una carta de presentación del estudio a los participantes y la declaración del consentimiento informado, y se les solicitó permiso para grabar la entrevista en audio. El análisis de los datos se realizó con el softwareinformático Atlas. Ti7. Resultados: Los participantes contrarios al corte son conscientes de la diversidad de complicaciones físicas, obstétricas, psicológicas, sobre la sexualidad y sociales en las mujeres sometidas a mutilación. Sin embargo, los hombres que tienen un posicionamiento favorable muestran en general un desconocimiento de los problemas secundarios a esta práctica. Conclusiones: Los participantes procedentes de países donde se realiza la mutilación genital femenina, contrarios a mantener esta práctica, muestran un mayor conocimiento de las consecuencias negativas que los que se manifiestan a favor. El diseño de herramientas y programas de sensibilización destinados a la lucha contra la mutilación genital femenina debe visibilizar las complicaciones sobre la salud de las mujeres y las niñas, e incluir intervenciones familiares que impliquen a los hombres en el proceso de erradicación de esta práctica (AU)

Objective: To explore men's knowledge of the negative consequences of female genital mutilation (FGM) to women's health in countries where this practice is performed. Methods: A qualitative methodology was used with an ethnomethodological approach. Both individual and group semi-structured interviews concerning FGM were conducted with 25 men, selected by triple sampling. A study presentation letter was provided to participants, together with an informed consent declaration. Permission was also procured to record the interviews in audio format. Data analysis was performed using the Atlas Ti7 software. Results: Those participants against FGM are aware of the range of complications this practice can cause, being able to identify physical, obstetric, psychological, sexuality and social consequences in women subjected to FGM. However, those men who are in favour display a general ignorance of the problems resulting from this practice. Conclusions: Participants from countries where FGM is performed who are against this practice are more aware of the negative consequences than those who claim to be in favour. The design of awareness-raising programmes and other tools to combat female genital mutilation must highlight the implications for women's and girls’ health, and include family-targeted campaigns which involve men in the process of eradicating this practice (AU)

[Male perceptions of sequelae associated with female genital mutilation]. / Percepciones de los hombres sobre las complicaciones asociadas a la mutilación genital femenina.

OBJECTIVE: To explore men's knowledge of the negative consequences of female genital mutilation (FGM) to women's health in countries where this practice is performed. METHODS: A qualitative methodology was used with an ethnomethodological approach. Both individual and group semi-structured interviews concerning FGM were conducted with 25 men, selected by triple sampling. A study presentation letter was provided to participants, together with an informed consent declaration. Permission was also procured to record the interviews in audio format. Data analysis was performed using the Atlas Ti7 software. RESULTS: Those participants against FGM are aware of the range of complications this practice can cause, being able to identify physical, obstetric, psychological, sexuality and social consequences in women subjected to FGM. However, those men who are in favour display a general ignorance of the problems resulting from this practice. CONCLUSIONS: Participants from countries where FGM is performed who are against this practice are more aware of the negative consequences than those who claim to be in favour. The design of awareness-raising programmes and other tools to combat female genital mutilation must highlight the implications for women's and girls' health, and include family-targeted campaigns which involve men in the process of eradicating this practice.

Algoritmo de actuación en la prevención de la mutilación genital femenina. Estudio de casos desde atención primaria / Algorithm for the prevention of female genital mutilation. Case study from primary care

OBJETIVO: Crear e implantar un algoritmo para identificar y prevenir la MGF en un municipio de la Región de Murcia. DISEÑO: Para la creación del algoritmo de actuación se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica, consultando las bases de datos: Cuiden, Dialnet, Medes, Medline y otras fuentes documentales de interés. El instrumento para la recogida de datos se cumplimenta mediante entrevista a los padres de las niñas en riesgo. REDACCIÓN E IMPLEMENTACIÓN: Se formó al equipo multidisciplinar, se captaron los casos de riesgo de MGF y fueron citados en la consulta de enfermería. Dos niñas habían sido mutiladas, el resto presentaba riesgo de MGF y en uno de los casos el riesgo era inminente. CONCLUSIÓN: El algoritmo diseñado orienta a los profesionales en su actuación, consiguiendo una eficaz detección y prevención de mutilación genital de las niñas y resulta una primera aproximación para el desarrollo de un protocolo regional

OBJECTIVE: Create and implement a protocol for identifying and preventing female genital mutilation in a municipality of the Region of Murcia. DESIGN: A bibliographical review and significant databases were consulted for the creation of the algorithm performance. These include Cuiden, Dialnet, Medes, Medline, and other documentary sources of interest. The instrument for data collection was completed by interviewing parents of girls at risk. DRAFTING AND IMPLEMENTATION: The multi-disciplinary team was formed; the female genital mutilation risk cases were collected, and were summoned to the nursing consulting room. Two girls had been mutilated, the rest were at risk of female genital mutilation, and in one case the risk was imminent. CONCLUSION: The algorithm designed guides practitioners in their performance, achieving an effective detection and prevention of genital mutilation of girls. This is a first approach to the development of a regional protocol